Description
Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. East Thrace, the part of Turkey in Europe, is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (collectively called the Turkish Straits). Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest, the Black Sea to its north, Georgia to its northeast, Armenia, the Azerbaijani enclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east, Iraq and Syria to its southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to its south, and the Aegean Sea to its west. Across the Black Sea lie Romania, Ukraine and Russia, and across the Mediterranean Sea lie Cyprus, Lebanon, Israel, the Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories), Egypt and Libya, although none of these share a land border with Turkey. Istanbul is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital. Approximately 70 to 80 per cent of the country’s citizens identify as Turkish, while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 per cent of the population.
The flag of the Republic of Turkey, officially the Turkish flag is a red flag featuring a white star and crescent. The flag is often called al bayrak (the red flag) and is referred to as al sancak (the red banner) in the Turkish national anthem. The current design of the Turkish flag is directly derived from the late Ottoman flag, which had been adopted in the late 18th century and acquired its final form in 1844. The measures, geometric proportions, and exact tone of red of the flag of Turkey were legally standardized with the Turkish Flag Law on 29 May 1936. In accounting for the crescent and star symbol, the Ottomans sometimes referred to a legendary dream of the eponymous founder of the Ottoman house, Osman I, in which he is reported to have seen a moon rising from the breast of a qadi whose daughter he sought to marry. “When full, it descended into his own breast. Then from his loins, there sprang a tree, which as it grew came to cover the whole world with the shadow of its green and beautiful branches.” Beneath it, Osman saw the world spread out before him, surmounted by the crescent.